Arterial flow patterns are known to affect the endothelium. In endothelial cell cultures, higher flow in the anterograde direction has shown to be anti-atherogenic, while increased retrograde flow has ...

Doctors screen for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with an ankle-brachial index (ABI) test, which measures blood pressure in the legs. Experts recommend that anyone with PAD risk factors undergo ...

Vascular dysfunctions can progress and lead to stroke and cardiovascular disease, especially in smokers. The presence of particular vascular changes according to sex has been described and they can be ...