Cities become much hotter in summer as concrete, glass, and roads absorb heat during the day, then slowly release it at night, warming the surrounding air. Tall buildings block cooling winds, ...

In the fast-moving world of construction and infrastructure, every minute counts. For civil engineers who frequently conduct field visits, design reviews, site coordination, and documentation, ...

Artificial intelligence is no longer an imaginary concept for the construction industry. It is becoming the driving force behind faster take-offs, sharper cost forecasts, smarter risk control, and ...

The Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines are water turbines that are rotary machines which convert kinetic energy and the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy that rotates the shaft to ...

Concrete is the most used material on Earth after water. It is strong, cheap, and essential; at the same time, it is also one of the largest single sources of industrial CO₂. Replacing even a ...

Concrete is one of the most frequently used building materials worldwide. The distinctive characteristics like strength, durability, low-maintenance, energy-efficient, sustainability are the reasons ...

Concrete has excellent durability; that is why it is the most widely used construction material. However, design and construction practices, material limitations, and exposure to severe weather ...

Various types of loads and forces act on a retaining wall, and their calculation is essential for its design. These forces on the retaining wall depends on multiple factors which are discussed. Loads ...

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A flat-bottomed cylindrical metallic dish, typically 55 mm in diameter and 35 mm in depth. For penetration values exceeding 225, a larger dish of 70 mm diameter and 45 mm depth is necessary.